1. Indirect Discourse ; -°í ÇÏ´Ù ; 'Someone says that .....'
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The pattern '-°í ÇÏ´Ù' is used for the formation of Indirect Discourse and is attached to the verb stem with the tense pre-ending.
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1.1. Indirect Discourse Formation of Declaratives
'-´Ù°í ÇÏ´Ù' |
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If you want to refer to what someone said (statement) with indirect discourse, you have to change the verb and adjective form with the tense pre-ending like the Plain style form. Then attach the form ¡°-´Ù°í ÇÏ´Ù¡±. The form of ¡®ÇÏ´Ù¡¯ means ¡®(someone) says/said that¡¦¡¯ like the verb ¡®¸»ÇÏ´Ù(to tell, to say etc.). This verb is changed into ¡®ÇØ¿ä(present tense) and Çß¾î¿ä(past tense), depending when the original utterance took place.
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(1) Present tense :
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A. Verbs : Verb stem + -¤¤/´Â´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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-¤¤´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä. is used after verb stems ending in a vowel.
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¡°Çб³¿¡ °¡¿ä.¡± |
Çб³¿¡ °¡- + -¤¤´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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Çб³¿¡ °£´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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-´Â´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä. is used after verb stems ending in a consonant.
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¡°¹äÀ» ¸Ô¾î¿ä.¡± |
¹äÀ» ¸Ô- + -´Â´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¹äÀ» ¸Ô´Â´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¾Øµð¾¾°¡ °øºÎÇÑ´Ù°í Çß¾î¿ä.
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Andy said he was studying.
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¾Øµð¾¾°¡ Çѱ¹À½½ÄÀ» ¸Ô´Â´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä.
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Andy says he eats Korean food.
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¾Øµð¾¾°¡ ÇѺ¹À» ÀԴ´ٰí ÇØ¿ä.
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Andy says he wears traditional Korean clothing.
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B. Adjectives : Adjective Stem + -´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡°¾ÆÁÖ ¹Ùºü¿ä.¡± |
¾ÆÁÖ ¹Ù»Ú- + -´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¾ÆÁÖ ¹Ù»Ú´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡° ³Ê¹« ÁÁ¾Æ¿ä.¡± |
³Ê¹« ÁÁ- + -´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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³Ê¹« ÁÁ´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¾Øµð¾¾°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ´Ù°í Çß¾î¿ä.
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Andy said he was sick.
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¾Øµð¾¾°¡ °¡¹æÀÌ ÀÛ´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä.
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Andy says the bag is small.
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C. ÀÌ´Ù Verb
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¡°ÇлýÀÌ¿¡¿ä.¡¯¡¯ |
ÇлýÀÌ- + -¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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ÇлýÀ̶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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(2) Past tense ; -Verb/Adjective stem + -¾Ò/¾ú/¿´- + -´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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ºÒ°í±â¸¦ ¸Ô¾ú¾î¿ä. |
ºÒ°í±â¸¦ ¸Ô- + -¾ú- + -´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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ºÒ°í±â¸¦ ¸Ô¾ú´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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ÁÖ¸»¿¡ ¹Ù»¦¾î¿ä. |
ÁÖ¸»¿¡ ¹Ù»Ú- + -¾Ò- + ´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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ÁÖ¸»¿¡ ¹Ù»¦´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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Àǻ翴(<--ÀÌ+¾ú)¾î¿ä. |
ÀÇ»ç + ÀÌ- + -¾ú- + ´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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Àǻ翴´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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(3) Future tense ; -¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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ºÒ°í±â¸¦ ¸ÔÀ» °Å¿¹¿ä. |
ºÒ°í±â¸¦ ¸Ô- + -À» °Å¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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ºÒ°í±â¸¦ ¸ÔÀ» °Å¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¹Ì±¹¿¡ °¥ °Å¿¹¿ä. |
¹Ì±¹¿¡ °¡- + -¤© °Å¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¹Ì±¹¿¡ °¥ °Å¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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1.2. Indirect Discourse Formation of the Interrogative
'-³Ä°í ÇÏ´Ù' |
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If you want to refer to what someone asked (question) with indirect discourse, you have to change the verb and adjective form with the tense pre-ending like Plain style form. Then attach the form ¡°-³Ä°í ÇÏ´Ù.¡±. Here the form ¡®ÇÏ´Ù¡¯ means ¡®(someone) ask/asked if¡¦¡¯ like the verb ¡®¹¯´Ù (to ask etc.--> ¹°¾î¿ä/¹°¾ú¾î¿ä)¡¯. This verb is changed into ¡®ÇØ¿ä (present tense) and Çß¾î¿ä (past tense), depending when the original original utterance took place. Sometimes people put the form ¡°´À¡± between the verb stem and ¡®-³Ä°í ÇÏ´Ù¡¯, but there is no difference in the meaning whether there is ¡°´À¡± or not in the formation with verbs and ¡®ÀÖ´Ù¡¯. However when using adjectives and ¡®ÀÌ´Ù¡¯, ¡°´À¡± is not inserted.
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¡°¾ðÁ¦ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ °¡¿ä ?¡± |
¾ðÁ¦ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ °¡- + -(´À)³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¾ðÁ¦ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ °¡(´À)³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡°´©°¡ ÀÌ »§À» ¸Ô¾ú¾î¿ä ?¡± |
´©°¡ ÀÌ »§À» ¸Ô- + -¾ú- + -(´À)³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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´©°¡ ÀÌ »§À» ¸Ô¾ú(´À)³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡°½Ã°£ ÀÖ¾î¿ä ?¡± |
½Ã°£ ÀÖ- + -(´À)³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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½Ã°£ ÀÖ(´À)³Ä°í Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡°¸Ó¸®°¡ ¾ÆÆÄ¿ä ?¡± |
¸Ó¸®°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ- + -³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¸Ó¸®°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡°´Ù¸®°¡ ¾ÆÆÍ¾î¿ä ?¡± |
´Ù¸®°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ- + -¾Ò- + -³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¸Ó¸®°¡ ¾ÆÆÍ³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡°´©±¸¿¹¿ä ?¡± |
´©±¸ + (ÀÌ) + -³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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´©±¸³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡°ÇлýÀÌ¿¡¿ä ?¡± |
ÇлýÀÌ + -³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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ÇлýÀ̳İí ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡°¾ðÁ¦ Çѱ¹¿¡ °¥ °Å¿¹¿ä ?¡± |
¾ðÁ¦ Çѱ¹¿¡ °¥ °Å- + -³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¾ðÁ¦ Çѱ¹¿¡ °¥ °Å³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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1.3. Indirect Discourse Formation of the Propositive
'-ÀÚ°í ÇÏ´Ù' |
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If you want to refer to what someone suggested (let¡¯s ----) with indirect discourse, just attach the form ¡°-ÀÚ°í ÇÏ´Ù¡± to the verb stem directly. This is only used for present tense verb stems.
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¡°»¡¸® °©½Ã´Ù !¡± |
»¡¸® °¡- + -ÀÚ°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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»¡¸® °¡ÀÚ°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡°ÇѽÄÀ» ¸ÔÀ¾½Ã´Ù !¡° |
ÇѽÄÀ» ¸Ô- + -ÀÚ°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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ÇѽÄÀ» ¸ÔÀÚ°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä
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Adjectives and ÀÌ´Ù cannot be used in a propositive sentence, so this formation of indirect discourse is not permitted.
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1.4. Indirect Discourse Formation of the Imperative
'-¶ó°í ÇÏ´Ù' |
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If you want to refer someone commanded (order) with indirect discourse, just attach the form ¡°-¶ó°í ÇÏ´Ù¡± to the verb stem directly. This is only used for present tense verb stems.
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¡°»¡¸® °¡¼¼¿ä !¡± |
»¡¸® °¡- + -(À¸)¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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»¡¸® °¡¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡°Çѱ¹¾î¸¦ °øºÎÇϼ¼¿ä !¡° |
Çѱ¹¾î¸¦ °øºÎÇÏ- + -(À¸)¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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Çѱ¹¾î¸¦ °øºÎÇ϶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡°´«À» °¨À¸¼¼¿ä !¡± |
´«À» °¨- + -(À¸)¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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´«À» °¨À¸¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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¡°°¡Áö ¸¶¼¼¿ä !¡± |
°¡Áö ¸»- + -(À¸)¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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°¡Áö ¸»¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
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Adjectives and ÀÌ´Ù cannot be used in an imperative sentence, so this formation of indirect discourse is not permitted.
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2. The Pattern -´Â °Í : (the act, fact, manner)
of doing something |
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This pattern is preceded by verbs only, and means ¡®the act, fact or manner of doing something¡¯. The equivalent of this pattern in English is ¡®---ing¡¯ or to (do), or the thing that someone is doing
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°øºÎÇÏ´Â °Í |
studying |
°øºÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Á¦ÀÏ ½¬¿ö¿ä. |
Studying is the easiest thing |
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¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â °Í |
traveling |
¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î¶§¿ä ? |
How is traveling ? |
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°¡¸£Ä¡´Â °Í |
teaching |
¾È³ª¾¾´Â °¡¸£Ä¡´Â °ÍÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇØ¿ä. |
Anna likes to teach. |
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Like the above examples, the forms made with this pattern can be used as a subject or object with the marker ÀÌ/°¡, À»/¸¦.
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