1.1. Indirect Discourse Formation of the Declarative
  1.2. Indirect Discourse Formation of the Interrogative
  1.3. Indirect Discourse Formation of the Propositive
  1.4. Indirect Discourse Formation of the Imperative
  2. the Pattern -´Â °Í : (the act, fact, manner) of doing something


1. Indirect Discourse ; -°í ÇÏ´Ù ; 'Someone says that .....'

The pattern '-°í ÇÏ´Ù' is used for the formation of Indirect Discourse and is attached to the verb stem with the tense pre-ending.

1.1. Indirect Discourse Formation of Declaratives '-´Ù°í ÇÏ´Ù'
If you want to refer to what someone said (statement) with indirect discourse, you have to change the verb and adjective form with the tense pre-ending like the Plain style form. Then attach the form ¡°-´Ù°í ÇÏ´Ù¡±. The form of ¡®ÇÏ´Ù¡¯ means ¡®(someone) says/said that¡¦¡¯ like the verb ¡®¸»ÇÏ´Ù(to tell, to say etc.). This verb is changed into ¡®ÇØ¿ä(present tense) and Çß¾î¿ä(past tense), depending when the original utterance took place.

(1) Present tense :
A. Verbs : Verb stem + -¤¤/´Â´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
-¤¤´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä. is used after verb stems ending in a vowel.
¡°Çб³¿¡ °¡¿ä.¡± Çб³¿¡ °¡- + -¤¤´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
Çб³¿¡ °£´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
-´Â´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä. is used after verb stems ending in a consonant.
¡°¹äÀ» ¸Ô¾î¿ä.¡± ¹äÀ» ¸Ô- + -´Â´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¹äÀ» ¸Ô´Â´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
  ¾Øµð¾¾°¡ °øºÎÇÑ´Ù°í Çß¾î¿ä.   Andy said he was studying.
  ¾Øµð¾¾°¡ Çѱ¹À½½ÄÀ» ¸Ô´Â´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä.   Andy says he eats Korean food.
  ¾Øµð¾¾°¡ ÇѺ¹À» ÀԴ´ٰí ÇØ¿ä.   Andy says he wears traditional Korean clothing.
B. Adjectives : Adjective Stem + -´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¡°¾ÆÁÖ ¹Ùºü¿ä.¡± ¾ÆÁÖ ¹Ù»Ú- + -´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¾ÆÁÖ ¹Ù»Ú´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¡° ³Ê¹« ÁÁ¾Æ¿ä.¡± ³Ê¹« ÁÁ- + -´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
³Ê¹« ÁÁ´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
  ¾Øµð¾¾°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ´Ù°í Çß¾î¿ä.   Andy said he was sick.
  ¾Øµð¾¾°¡ °¡¹æÀÌ ÀÛ´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä.   Andy says the bag is small.
C. ÀÌ´Ù Verb
¡°ÇлýÀÌ¿¡¿ä.¡¯¡¯ ÇлýÀÌ- + -¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
ÇлýÀ̶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
(2) Past tense ; -Verb/Adjective stem + -¾Ò/¾ú/¿´- + -´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
ºÒ°í±â¸¦ ¸Ô¾ú¾î¿ä. ºÒ°í±â¸¦ ¸Ô- + -¾ú- + -´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
ºÒ°í±â¸¦ ¸Ô¾ú´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
ÁÖ¸»¿¡ ¹Ù»¦¾î¿ä. ÁÖ¸»¿¡ ¹Ù»Ú- + -¾Ò- + ´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
ÁÖ¸»¿¡ ¹Ù»¦´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
Àǻ翴(<--ÀÌ+¾ú)¾î¿ä. ÀÇ»ç + ÀÌ- + -¾ú- + ´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
Àǻ翴´Ù°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
(3) Future tense ; -¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
ºÒ°í±â¸¦ ¸ÔÀ» °Å¿¹¿ä. ºÒ°í±â¸¦ ¸Ô- + -À» °Å¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
ºÒ°í±â¸¦ ¸ÔÀ» °Å¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¹Ì±¹¿¡ °¥ °Å¿¹¿ä. ¹Ì±¹¿¡ °¡- + -¤© °Å¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¹Ì±¹¿¡ °¥ °Å¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.

1.2. Indirect Discourse Formation of the Interrogative '-³Ä°í ÇÏ´Ù'
If you want to refer to what someone asked (question) with indirect discourse, you have to change the verb and adjective form with the tense pre-ending like Plain style form. Then attach the form ¡°-³Ä°í ÇÏ´Ù.¡±. Here the form ¡®ÇÏ´Ù¡¯ means ¡®(someone) ask/asked if¡¦¡¯ like the verb ¡®¹¯´Ù (to ask etc.--> ¹°¾î¿ä/¹°¾ú¾î¿ä)¡¯. This verb is changed into ¡®ÇØ¿ä (present tense) and Çß¾î¿ä (past tense), depending when the original original utterance took place. Sometimes people put the form ¡°´À¡± between the verb stem and ¡®-³Ä°í ÇÏ´Ù¡¯, but there is no difference in the meaning whether there is ¡°´À¡± or not in the formation with verbs and ¡®ÀÖ´Ù¡¯. However when using adjectives and ¡®ÀÌ´Ù¡¯, ¡°´À¡± is not inserted.
¡°¾ðÁ¦ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ °¡¿ä ?¡± ¾ðÁ¦ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ °¡- + -(´À)³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¾ðÁ¦ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ °¡(´À)³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¡°´©°¡ ÀÌ »§À» ¸Ô¾ú¾î¿ä ?¡± ´©°¡ ÀÌ »§À» ¸Ô- + -¾ú- + -(´À)³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
´©°¡ ÀÌ »§À» ¸Ô¾ú(´À)³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¡°½Ã°£ ÀÖ¾î¿ä ?¡± ½Ã°£ ÀÖ- + -(´À)³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
½Ã°£ ÀÖ(´À)³Ä°í Çß¾î¿ä.
¡°¸Ó¸®°¡ ¾ÆÆÄ¿ä ?¡± ¸Ó¸®°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ- + -³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¸Ó¸®°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¡°´Ù¸®°¡ ¾ÆÆÍ¾î¿ä ?¡± ´Ù¸®°¡ ¾ÆÇÁ- + -¾Ò- + -³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¸Ó¸®°¡ ¾ÆÆÍ³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¡°´©±¸¿¹¿ä ?¡± ´©±¸ + (ÀÌ) + -³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
´©±¸³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¡°ÇлýÀÌ¿¡¿ä ?¡± ÇлýÀÌ + -³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
ÇлýÀ̳İí ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¡°¾ðÁ¦ Çѱ¹¿¡ °¥ °Å¿¹¿ä ?¡± ¾ðÁ¦ Çѱ¹¿¡ °¥ °Å- + -³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¾ðÁ¦ Çѱ¹¿¡ °¥ °Å³Ä°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.

1.3. Indirect Discourse Formation of the Propositive '-ÀÚ°í ÇÏ´Ù'
If you want to refer to what someone suggested (let¡¯s ----) with indirect discourse, just attach the form ¡°-ÀÚ°í ÇÏ´Ù¡± to the verb stem directly. This is only used for present tense verb stems.
¡°»¡¸® °©½Ã´Ù !¡± »¡¸® °¡- + -ÀÚ°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
»¡¸® °¡ÀÚ°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¡°ÇѽÄÀ» ¸ÔÀ¾½Ã´Ù !¡° ÇѽÄÀ» ¸Ô- + -ÀÚ°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
ÇѽÄÀ» ¸ÔÀÚ°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä
Adjectives and ÀÌ´Ù cannot be used in a propositive sentence, so this formation of indirect discourse is not permitted.

1.4. Indirect Discourse Formation of the Imperative '-¶ó°í ÇÏ´Ù'
If you want to refer someone commanded (order) with indirect discourse, just attach the form ¡°-¶ó°í ÇÏ´Ù¡± to the verb stem directly. This is only used for present tense verb stems.
¡°»¡¸® °¡¼¼¿ä !¡± »¡¸® °¡- + -(À¸)¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
»¡¸® °¡¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¡°Çѱ¹¾î¸¦ °øºÎÇϼ¼¿ä !¡° Çѱ¹¾î¸¦ °øºÎÇÏ- + -(À¸)¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
Çѱ¹¾î¸¦ °øºÎÇ϶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¡°´«À» °¨À¸¼¼¿ä !¡± ´«À» °¨- + -(À¸)¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
´«À» °¨À¸¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
¡°°¡Áö ¸¶¼¼¿ä !¡± °¡Áö ¸»- + -(À¸)¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
°¡Áö ¸»¶ó°í ÇØ¿ä/Çß¾î¿ä.
Adjectives and ÀÌ´Ù cannot be used in an imperative sentence, so this formation of indirect discourse is not permitted.

2. The Pattern -´Â °Í : (the act, fact, manner) of doing something
This pattern is preceded by verbs only, and means ¡®the act, fact or manner of doing something¡¯. The equivalent of this pattern in English is ¡®---ing¡¯ or to (do), or the thing that someone is doing
  °øºÎÇÏ´Â °Í   studying
  °øºÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Á¦ÀÏ ½¬¿ö¿ä.   Studying is the easiest thing
  ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â °Í   traveling
  ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î¶§¿ä ?   How is traveling ?
  °¡¸£Ä¡´Â °Í   teaching
  ¾È³ª¾¾´Â °¡¸£Ä¡´Â °ÍÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇØ¿ä.   Anna likes to teach.
Like the above examples, the forms made with this pattern can be used as a subject or object with the marker ÀÌ/°¡, À»/¸¦.