1. The pattern ¡®-µµ µÇ´Ù/±¦Âú´Ù/ÁÁ´Ù¡¯
: (someone) may do (something) |
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On its own, the particle `-µµ' is
used to express 'even if, even though'. See the following example first.
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Á¦°¡ ³»ÀÏ ¹Ùºüµµ, ÆÄƼ¿¡ ²À °¥°Ô¿ä. |
Even
though I am busy tomorrow,
I will go to the party. |
Çѱ¹¸»ÀÌ Àç¹Ì¾ø¾îµµ °øºÎÇϰھî¿ä. |
Even
though Korean is not interesting,
I will study it. |
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However, if this pattern is used
with the word 'ÁÁ´Ù, ±¦Âú´Ù, µÇ´Ù`, this pattern is used to ask for and giving
permission. Here are some examples:
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¹®À» ¿¾îµµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä ? |
May
I open the door ? |
µé¾î°¡µµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä/µÅ¿ä/ÁÁ¾Æ¿ä?
- ³×, µé¾î¿Íµµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä/µÅ¿ä/ÁÁ¾Æ¿ä. |
May
I go in ?
-
You may go in. |
¿©±â¿¡¼ ´ã¹è ÇÇ¿öµµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä/µÅ¿ä/ÁÁ¾Æ¿ä?
- ³×, ÇÇ¿öµµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä/µÅ¿ä/ÁÁ¾Æ¿ä. |
May
I smoke here?
-
You may smoke here. |
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For the negative answer to a request
for permission, you have to use the pattern '-(À¸)¸é ¾È µÇ´Ù.' '-À¸¸é ¾È µÇ´Ù' is
used after verb stems ending in a consonant except '¤§', -¸é ¾È µÇ´Ù' is used
after verb stems ending in a vowel : an consonant '¤§'.
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µé¾î°¡µµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä?
- ¾Æ´Ï¿À, µé¾î¿À¸é ¾È µÅ¿ä.
- ³×, µé¾î¿Íµµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä/µÅ¿ä/ÁÁ¾Æ¿ä. |
May
I go in ?
- You must not go in. (You shouldn't go in.)
- You may go in. |
¶°µé¸é ¾È µÅ¿ä. |
You must not make noise.
(You shouldn't make noise.) |
Áö°¢ÇÏ¸é ¾È µÅ¿ä. |
Don't
be late. (You shouldn't be late.) |
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2. The pattern `-(À¸)¤©
¶§' ; when/while |
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The pattern `-(À¸)¤© ¶§' is used to express the time when something takes
place or exists. When the two actions happen at the same time, past tense
is not expressed with this pattern. But if the action of the `-¤© ¶§' clause
happened before the action of the nexe clause, past tense should be expressed
in the `-¤©¶§' clause. This pattern is used with all verbs and adjectives
but `ÀÌ´Ù' can be used only in the past tense, not in the present tense.
'-À»¶§' is used after verb stems ending in a consonant, '-¤©¶§' is used after
verb stems ending in a vowel. |
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±×ºÐÀÌ
¶°³¯ ¶§, °°ÀÌ °©½Ã´Ù. |
When he
leaves, let's go together. |
³¯¾¾°¡
ÁÁÀ» ¶§, ¿©ÇàÀ» °¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. |
When the
weather is good,
I will take a trip. |
Á¦°¡
Çѱ¹¿¡ °¬À» ¶§, ³¯¾¾°¡ ¾ÆÁÖ Ãß¿ü¾î¿ä. |
When I
went to Korea, it was very cold. |
Á¦°¡
Çб³¿¡ °¬À» ¶§, ±è¼±»ý´ÔÀº ¾È °è¼Ì¾î¿ä. |
When I went
to school,
Mr. Kim was not there. |
³»°¡
ÁßÇлýÀ̾úÀ» ¶§, ±×°÷¿¡ °¬¾î¿ä. |
When I was
a middle school student,
I went there. |
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This pattern can be followed by any of the particles such as `-ÀÌ/°¡, -À»/¸¦,
-¿¡, -µµ, -¸¶´Ù, -±îÁö, -ºÎÅÍ, etc.. |
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Çб³¿¡
°¥ ¶§°¡ µÇ¾ú¾î¿ä. |
It's time
to go to school.
(The time that we go to school came) |
Çѱ¹¿¡
¿Ã ¶§¸¶´Ù Çѱ¹ À½½ÄÀ» ¸Ô¾î¿ä. |
Whenever
I come to Korea, I eat Korean food. |
ÀÌ
ÀÏÀº ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§ºÎÅÍ ³¡³¯ ¶§±îÁö
±âºÐÀÌ ÁÁ¾Ò¾î¿ä. |
From the
time that I began this work,
to the time that I finished, I felt good. |
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3. The connective `-±â
¶§¹®¿¡' : so, therefore, because |
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The connective
`-±â ¶§¹®¿¡' is used to express cause and reason. When this connective is
used, it most conveniently corresponds to 'so' in English. |
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½Ã°£ÀÌ
¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×°÷¿¡ °¥ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú¾î¿ä. |
I had no time,
so I couldn't go there. |
Áö±Ý
³Ê¹« ÇǰïÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Áý¿¡¼ ½¬°í ½Í¾î¿ä. |
I am too tired
now,
I want to take a rest at home. |
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Contrary to
the connective `-¾î¼' which is used to express cause and reason only in
the present form, this connective is used with all tenses. |
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ºñ°¡
¿À±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾È °¡°í ½Í¾î¿ä. |
Because it's
rainning, I don't want to go. |
ºñ°¡
¿Ô±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾È °¡°í ½Í¾î¿ä. |
Because it
rained, I don't want to go. |
ºñ°¡
¿À·Á°í Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¾È °¡°í ½Í¾î¿ä. |
Because it will rain, I don't want
to go. |
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Sometimes it
can be used with the sentent ending `-¿ä' directlyto finish a sentence.
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¿Ö
µî»êÀ» ¾È °¬¾î¿ä ?
- ºñ°¡ ¿À±â ¶§¹®¿¡¿ä. |
Why
didn't you go climbing ?
-
Because it's rainning. |
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While this
connective is used with verbs and adjectives, the form `- ¶§¹®¿¡' (without
the `-±â') is used with nouns and has the same meaning. |
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ºñ
¶§¹®¿¡ ¾È °¡°í ½Í¾î¿ä. |
Because of
the rain, I don't want to go. |
¹«¾ù
¶§¹®¿¡ ¿À¼Ì¾î¿ä ? |
What makes
you come here ?
(Because of what, did you come here ?) |
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