1. The pattern ¡®-µµ µÇ´Ù/±¦Âú´Ù/ÁÁ´Ù¡¯
  2. The pattern `-(À¸)¤© ¶§'
  3. The connective `-±â ¶§¹®¿¡'


1. The pattern ¡®-µµ µÇ´Ù/±¦Âú´Ù/ÁÁ´Ù¡¯ : (someone) may do (something)

On its own, the particle `-µµ' is used to express 'even if, even though'. See the following example first.
Á¦°¡ ³»ÀÏ ¹Ùºüµµ, ÆÄƼ¿¡ ²À °¥°Ô¿ä. Even though I am busy tomorrow,
I will go to the party.
Çѱ¹¸»ÀÌ Àç¹Ì¾ø¾îµµ °øºÎÇϰھî¿ä. Even though Korean is not interesting,
I will study it.

However, if this pattern is used with the word 'ÁÁ´Ù, ±¦Âú´Ù, µÇ´Ù`, this pattern is used to ask for and giving permission. Here are some examples:
¹®À» ¿­¾îµµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä ? May I open the door ?
µé¾î°¡µµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä/µÅ¿ä/ÁÁ¾Æ¿ä?
- ³×, µé¾î¿Íµµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä/µÅ¿ä/ÁÁ¾Æ¿ä.
May I go in ?
- You may go in.
¿©±â¿¡¼­ ´ã¹è ÇÇ¿öµµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä/µÅ¿ä/ÁÁ¾Æ¿ä?
- ³×, ÇÇ¿öµµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä/µÅ¿ä/ÁÁ¾Æ¿ä.
May I smoke here?
- You may smoke here.

For the negative answer to a request for permission, you have to use the pattern '-(À¸)¸é ¾È µÇ´Ù.' '-À¸¸é ¾È µÇ´Ù' is used after verb stems ending in a consonant except '¤§', -¸é ¾È µÇ´Ù' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel : an consonant '¤§'.
 
µé¾î°¡µµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä?
- ¾Æ´Ï¿À, µé¾î¿À¸é ¾È µÅ¿ä.
- ³×, µé¾î¿Íµµ ±¦Âú¾Æ¿ä/µÅ¿ä/ÁÁ¾Æ¿ä.
May I go in ?
- You must not go in. (You shouldn't go in.)
- You may go in.
¶°µé¸é ¾È µÅ¿ä. You must not make noise.
(You shouldn't make noise.)
Áö°¢ÇÏ¸é ¾È µÅ¿ä. Don't be late. (You shouldn't be late.)
 
2. The pattern `-(À¸)¤© ¶§' ; when/while

  The pattern `-(À¸)¤© ¶§' is used to express the time when something takes place or exists. When the two actions happen at the same time, past tense is not expressed with this pattern. But if the action of the `-¤© ¶§' clause happened before the action of the nexe clause, past tense should be expressed in the `-¤©¶§' clause. This pattern is used with all verbs and adjectives but `ÀÌ´Ù' can be used only in the past tense, not in the present tense. '-À»¶§' is used after verb stems ending in a consonant, '-¤©¶§' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel.
±×ºÐÀÌ ¶°³¯ ¶§, °°ÀÌ °©½Ã´Ù. When he leaves, let's go together.
³¯¾¾°¡ ÁÁÀ» ¶§, ¿©ÇàÀ» °¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. When the weather is good,
I will take a trip.
Á¦°¡ Çѱ¹¿¡ °¬À» ¶§, ³¯¾¾°¡ ¾ÆÁÖ Ãß¿ü¾î¿ä. When I went to Korea, it was very cold.
Á¦°¡ Çб³¿¡ °¬À» ¶§, ±è¼±»ý´ÔÀº ¾È °è¼Ì¾î¿ä. When I went to school,
Mr. Kim was not there.
³»°¡ ÁßÇлýÀ̾úÀ» ¶§, ±×°÷¿¡ °¬¾î¿ä. When I was a middle school student,
I went there.

  This pattern can be followed by any of the particles such as `-ÀÌ/°¡, -À»/¸¦, -¿¡, -µµ, -¸¶´Ù, -±îÁö, -ºÎÅÍ, etc..
Çб³¿¡ °¥ ¶§°¡ µÇ¾ú¾î¿ä. It's time to go to school.
(The time that we go to school came)
Çѱ¹¿¡ ¿Ã ¶§¸¶´Ù Çѱ¹ À½½ÄÀ» ¸Ô¾î¿ä. Whenever I come to Korea, I eat Korean food.
ÀÌ ÀÏÀº ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§ºÎÅÍ ³¡³¯ ¶§±îÁö
±âºÐÀÌ ÁÁ¾Ò¾î¿ä.
From the time that I began this work,
to the time that I finished, I felt good.
3. The connective `-±â ¶§¹®¿¡' : so, therefore, because

  The connective `-±â ¶§¹®¿¡' is used to express cause and reason. When this connective is used, it most conveniently corresponds to 'so' in English.
½Ã°£ÀÌ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×°÷¿¡ °¥ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú¾î¿ä. I had no time, so I couldn't go there.
Áö±Ý ³Ê¹« ÇǰïÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Áý¿¡¼­ ½¬°í ½Í¾î¿ä. I am too tired now,
I want to take a rest at home.

  Contrary to the connective `-¾î¼­' which is used to express cause and reason only in the present form, this connective is used with all tenses.
ºñ°¡ ¿À±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾È °¡°í ½Í¾î¿ä. Because it's rainning, I don't want to go.
ºñ°¡ ¿Ô±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾È °¡°í ½Í¾î¿ä. Because it rained, I don't want to go.
ºñ°¡ ¿À·Á°í Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¾È °¡°í ½Í¾î¿ä. Because it will rain, I don't want to go.

  Sometimes it can be used with the sentent ending `-¿ä' directlyto finish a sentence.
¿Ö µî»êÀ» ¾È °¬¾î¿ä ?
- ºñ°¡ ¿À±â ¶§¹®¿¡¿ä.
Why didn't you go climbing ?
- Because it's rainning.

  While this connective is used with verbs and adjectives, the form `- ¶§¹®¿¡' (without the `-±â') is used with nouns and has the same meaning.
ºñ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾È °¡°í ½Í¾î¿ä. Because of the rain, I don't want to go.
¹«¾ù ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿À¼Ì¾î¿ä ? What makes you come here ?
(Because of what, did you come here ?)