| 1. |
The ending
'-ㅂ/습니다' |
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People use this formal polite speech style
when they speak to strangers, casual acquaintances, superiors, their elders,
and social inferiors in formal situations. |
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1.1 The formation of present tense
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The declarative verb form is made by attaching '-ㅂ/습니다'
to the verb stem and '-ㅂ/습니까?' must be attached to the verb stem to make
the interrogative verb form. '-ㅂ니다/-ㅂ니까?' is used after verb stems (or the
honorific infix -시-) ending in a vowel and '습니다/습니까?' after verb stems
ending in a consonant. |
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가다: 가 + ㅂ니다/ㅂ니다 |
 갑니다/갑니까? |
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묻다: 묻 + 습니다/ |
묻습니다/ 묻습니까? |
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감사합니다 |
Thank you |
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기분이 좋습니다 |
I feel good |
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1.2 The formation of past tense |
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The declarative form is formed by attaching '-았(었/였)습니다'
to the verb stem and the interrogative form is made by adding '-았(었/였)습니까?
to the verb stem. The declarative form is made the same way as the past
tense of the informal polite speech style. '습니다/습니까?' is attached to '-았/었/였'
instead of '-어요'. |
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만나다: 만나 + 았습니다/았습니까? |
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만났습니다/만났습니까? |
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(contraction) |
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주다: 주 + 었습니다/었습니까? |
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주었습니다/주었습니까? |
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줬습니다/줬습니까? (contraction) |
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하다: 하 + 였습니다/였습니까? |
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했습니다/했습니까? |
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(contraction) |
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1.3 The formation of future tense |
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The declarative form is formed by attaching '(으)ㄹ 겁니다' to
the verb stem and the interrogative form is made by adding '(으)ㄹ 겁니까?'
to the verb stem. |
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보다: 보 + ㄹ 겁니다 |
볼 겁니다. |
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먹다 :먹 + 을 겁니다 |
먹을 겁니다 |
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저는 내일 일찍 일어날 겁니다. |
I will wake up early tomorrow.
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그냥 두세요. 괜찮을 겁니다. |
Just leave it. It will be O.K.
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1.4 The formation of the imperative
form |
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The imperative verb form is made by attaching '-(으)십시오'
to the verb stem. '-십시오' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel and
'으십시오' after verb stems ending in a consonant |
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| 2. |
The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다'
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: can/cannot do, be able to do/not
be able to do |
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The pattern -ㄹ/을 수 있다/없다 is used with verbs and indicates
ability,capability,possibility or permission. |
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(1) - ㄹ 수 있다 ; It is used
when the verb stem ends in a vowel: |
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Infinitive Form
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Formation
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Inflected Form
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가(다)
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가 + -ㄹ 수 있다/없다
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갈 수 있어요/없어요
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사(다)
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사 + -ㄹ 수 있다/없다
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살 수 있어요/없어요
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주(다)
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주 + -ㄹ 수 있다/없다
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줄 수 있어요/없어요
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(2) -을 수 있다 ; It is used when the verb stem ends
in a consonant: |
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Infinitive Form
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Formation
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Inflected Form
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먹(다)
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먹 + -을 수 있다/없다
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먹을 수 있어요/없어요
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입(다)
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입 + -을 수 있다/없다
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입을 수 있어요/없어요
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잡(다)
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잡 + -을 수 있다/없다
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잡을 수 있어요/없어요
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The past tense form `-았/었/였-' and the future tense form
`-ㄹ/을 거에요' are combined with the final verb `있다/없다' |
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갈 수 있었어요 |
먹을 수 있었어요 |
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갈 수 있을 거에요 |
먹을 수 있을 거에요 |
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| 3. |
The connective '-(으)면' : 'if, when
...' |
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The connective `-(으)면' can be used with any verb or adjective and indicates
condition and/or stipulation. While in English a dependent clause which
is introduced with 'if' can either precede or follow the main clause,
in Korean the dependent clause precedes the main clause. '-면' is used
when verb stem ends in a vowel or the consonant '-ㄹ' and '-으면' is used
when verb stem ends in all consonant except '-ㄹ'.
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그 영화가 재미있으면 보겠어요. |
If
the movie is interesting, I will see it. |
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비가 오면 가지 맙시다. |
If
it rains, let's not go. |
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Sometimes, the word `만일/만약' is used at the beginning of
a conditional clause as a signal of the condition. |
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만약 그분을 만나면, 안부 전해 주세요. |
If you meet him, give him my
regards. |
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| 4. |
The pattern '-지 말다' : don't do |
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On it's own, the verb `말다' means 'to stop, to cease, to
quit.' So the pattern
'-지 말다` preceded by an action verb expresses prohibition
or dissuasion. This pattern is always used as a negative imperative sentence
or a negative propositive sentence. |
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| 5. |
The connective -(아/어/여)서: so, because |
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The connective `-(아/어/여)서' is used to indicate cause or
reason. In this case, it is mostly used with adjectives and '가다'(to go),
'오다'(to come), '없다'(don't have) etc. in declarative and interrogative
sentences. That is, `-(아/어/여)서' cannot be used in imperative and propositive
sentence, where another connective '-(으)니까' is used. (This connective
will be explained later.) |
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피곤해서 집에서 쉬었어요. |
I was tired, so I took a rest
at home. |
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바빠서 못 갔어요. |
I was busy, so I couldn't go. |
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| 6. |
Honorific system |
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Korean
has two types of honorifics. |
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(1)
One type is expressed by combining `-시-' with verbs, indicating and
respect on the part of the speaker for the person spoken to. The honorific
form is made by inserting '-(으)시-' between the verb stem and the endings
like -아(어/여)요, 었어요, -ㅂ니다, 었습니다, -ㅂ니까? or 었습니까? '-시-' is used when verb stem
ends in a vowel and '-으시-' is used when verb stem ends in a consonant. |
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There are also special honorific
verbs indicating respect for the person spoken to. These
honorifics are used when the person deserving respect is the subject
of the sentence.
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Plain Form
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Honorific Form
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Meaning
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먹다
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잡수시다
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to eat
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자다
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주무시다
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to sleep
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있다
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계시다
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to exist, to be
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아프다
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편찮다
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to be sick
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많이 잡수세요. |
Help yourself. |
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김선생님 계세요 ? |
Is Mr.Kim there? |
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어머님께서 많이 편찮으세요 ? |
Is your mother seriously sick
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(2) The other way is to use respectful verbs. They
are special words used by the speaker to express his own humility and,
simultaneously, show his respect for the person with whom he is speaking.
These honorifics are used when the person deserving respect is the object
of the sentence. |
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Plain Form
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Honorific Form
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Meaning
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주다
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드리다
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to give
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묻다(말하다)
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여쭈다/여쭙다
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to ask/to tell
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보다
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뵙다
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to see/to meet
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데리고 가다/오다
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모시고 가다/오다
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to take/bring someone to somewhere
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If you learn these honorific/respectful forms, you can handle
most of the honorific/respectful expressions |
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| 7. |
'-ㄹ' irregular verbs |
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The final consonant 'ㄹ' of the verb stem is dropped when
it is followed by the endings which begins with the consonants '-ㄴ,-ㅂ,-ㅅ'. |
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살다(to live)
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어디에서 사세요?
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Where do you live?
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알다(to know)
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저는 그 사람을 잘 압니다.
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I know the person well.
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팔다(to sell)
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그 가게에서 무엇을 파니?
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What they sell at the
store?
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말다(don't)
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들어오지 마세요.
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Don't come in.
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