1. The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 거예요'
2. The Marker '-까지'
3. The Marker '-부터'
4. The Marker '-에서'
5. The plain speech style
6. Irregular verbs '-ㄷ'
7. irregular verbs '-ㅂ'
1. The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 거예요' : will
   
  This pattern is used in the first or second person to express an action which is going to take place in the future.
   
  (1) -ㄹ 거예요 : If the verb stem ends in a vowel.
   
 
  안나씨, 내일 뭐 할 거예요? Anna, what will you do tomorrow?
  저는 내일 이사를 할 거예요. I will move tomorrow.
   
  (2) -을 거예요 : If the verb stem ends in a consonant.
   
 
  지금 점심 먹을 거예요? Will you have lunch now?
  아니오, 30분 후에 먹을 거예요. No, I will have it in 30 minutes.
   
  If the subject of the sentence is the 3rd person pronoun, this pattern indicates likelihood or probability.
   
 

   
2. The Marker '-까지' : all the way up to
   
  This marker '-까지' indicates goal of the time and place, attaching to nouns of place or time.
   
 
  어디까지 가세요? How far are you going?
  시청까지 가요. I am going as far as City Hall.
  아홉시까지 오세요. Please come by nine o'clock.
   
 

   
3. The Marker '-부터' : from (when)
   
 

The marker '-부터' indicates a movement away from a certain place or time.
It is much more commonly used for time than place.
For place, the marker '-에서' is better.

   
 
  9시부터 12시까지 한국어를 공부해요. I study Korean from nine to twelve.
  몇 시부터 수업을 시작해요? What time does class begin?
(From what time do you begin class?)
  이것부터 하세요. Do this first.
  여기부터 읽으세요. Read from here.
   
 

   
4. The Marker '-에서' : from
   
  The marker '-에서' is attached to place nouns and indicates a starting point of movement.
   
 
  안나는 호주에서 왔어요. Anna came from Australia.
  LA에서 New York 까지 멀어요? Is it far from LA to New York ?
   
  You have studied this marker '-에서' denoting dynamic location. If someone does something at a certain place. this marker designates the location. Let's review it.
   
 
  서강 대학교에서 공부해요. I study at Sogang University.
  한국식당에서 한국 음식을 먹어요. I eat Korean food at a korean restaurant.
   
 

   
5. The Plain Speech Style
   
  You have already studied the formal and informal polite speech style. Now you will study the plain style (in Korean 반말) which is used among truly close friends, to a social inferior, or when talking with children.
There are several ways to form the plain speech style.
   
  5.1. The easiest way to form the plain speech style is to just attach '-아/어/여' to the verb stem. It is very similar to the formation of the informal polite style which is formed by the ending '-아/어/여요'. If you drop the '-요', you will get the plain speech style.
   
 
  어디 가요? ----> 어디 가? Where are you going? <Interrogative>
  학교에 가요. ----> 학교에 가. I'm going to home. <Declarative>
  빨리 가(세)요 ----> 빨리 가 ! Go quickly! <Imperative>
  갑시다!---->가 ! <a little awkward> Let's go. <Propositive>
   
 

The sentence ending of the four types of sentences are the same, but they are differenciated by intonation.

If the predicate has the construction 'Noun + -이다', the ending '-야' is used.
   
 
  이름이 뭐예요? ----> 이름이 뭐야?  
  저게 사탕입니까? ----> 저게 사탕이야?  
   
  5.2. First, two kinds of endings can be used for the interrogative '-니' and '아/어/여'. There aredifferences in nuance between the two. The ending '-아/어/여' is used among close friends, and the ending '-니' is used to a social inferior.
   
 
  어디 가? ----> 어디 가니?  
  밥 먹었어? ----> 밥 먹었니?  
  언제 갈 거예요? ----> 언제 갈 거니?  
   
  5.3. Second, the propositive ending '-자' is used more frequently in colloquial conversation.
   
 
  수영하러 가자 ! Let's go to swimming.
  이따가 12시쯤에 만나자 ! Let's meet at 12 o'clock.
  오늘 저녁에 만나자 ! Let's meet in the evening.
  술 한 잔 하러 가자 ! Let's go to drink.
   
  5.4. The imperative is formed with the ending ' 아/어/여' . However, its use is restricted and it is not commonly used among close friends.
   
 
  조용히 해 ! Be quiet !
  나가 ! Get out of here !
  빨리 와 ! Come quickly !
  나한테 던져 ! Throw it to me !
   
 

   
6. '-ㄷ' Irregular verbs
   
  The final consonant '-ㄷ' of the verb stem changes '-ㄹ' when followed by a vowel, but it does not change when followed by a consonant.
   
 
  듣다(to listen): 듣 + 어요 ---> 들어요.
  묻다(to ask): 묻 + 어 보다 ---> 물어 보다.
  걷다(to walk): 걷 + 었어요 ---> 걸었어요.
 
     
  저는 지금 음악을 들어요. I listen to the music now
  잘 모르면 저한테 물어 보세요. If you really don't know, ask me.
  어제는 많이 걸었어요. I walked a lot yesterday.
  저한테 묻지 마세요.! Don't ask me.
   
  However '닫다' to close, '받다' to receive and '믿다' to believe are not irregular verbs.
   
 
  문을 닫아 주세요. Please close the door.
  어제 친구한테서 편지를 받았어요. I received a letter from my friend.
  지도와 카메라가 필요해요. I need map and camera.
  저는 요즘 한국말과 영어를 공부해요. I study Korean and English these days.
   
   
  There is another pattern '-와/과 같이' which means 'together', 'with' or 'along with'. This '-와/과 같이' is interchangeable with '-하고 같이' and '같이' can be dropped in both '-와/과 같이' and '하고 같이'.
   
 
  친구와 같이(친구하고 같이) 여행했어요. I went on a trip with my friends.
  선생님과 의논했어요. I had a discussion with my teacher.
  남동생하고 살아요. I live with my younger brother.
   
 
   
7. '-ㅂ' Irregular verbs
   
  Some verbs of which the verb stems ends in the final consonant '-ㅂ' are irregular. When the final consonant '-ㅂ' of the verb stem is followed by a vowel, it changes into '우'. The vowel which follows the verb stem is usually '어요' except for some verbs like '돕다' and '곱다'. When the final consonant '-ㅂ' of the verb stem is followed by a consonant, it does not change.
   
 
  즐겁다 (to be pleasant) 즐거우 + 어요 -> 즐거우어요 -> 즐거워요
(contraction)
  반갑다 (to be glad) 반가우 + 어요 -> 반가우어요 -> 반가워요.
  춥다 (to be cold) 추우 + 었어요 -> 추우었어요 -> 추웠어요.
  어렵다 (to be difficult) 어려우 + ㄹ거예요 -> 어려울 거예요.  
  덥다 (to be hot) 더우 + 어 보여요 -> 더우어 보여요 -> 더워 보여요.
  돕다 (to help) 도우 + 아요 -> 도우아요 -> 도와요.
  곱다 (to be pretty) 고우 + 아요 -> 고우아요 -> 고와요.