1. The marker '-에'
2. The sentence ending '-아(어/여)요'
3. Making questions. '-아(어/여)요?'
4. The marker '도'
5. '옆/ 앞 / 뒤 / 위 / 아래 + 에'
1. The marker '-에'
   
  1.1. to
The marker '에' indicates a destination.
   
 
  도서관에 가요.
  서점에 가요.
  생일 잔치에 가요.
   
  1.2. at, in
This locative marker indicates that someone or something is stationary in a place. In this case, '에' is attached to nouns, and is followed by an inactive verb, such as '있다 (to be)` or '없다 (not to be)`
   
 
 
서점은 도서관 옆에 있어요.
 
 
우리집은 센츄럴에 있어요.
 
 
꽃가게 뒤에 있어요.
 
 

   
2. The sentence ending '-아(어/여)요'
   
 

There are several kinds of speech style in the Korean language and three styles will be dealt with in Novice 1. They are the informal polite speech style, formal polite speech style and the plain speech style. Each speech style is determined by the formality of the situation and the personal relationship of the individuals involved in a dialogue. Both the formal and the informal polite speech styles are used when people want to be polite, but the formal polite speech style is used in a formal situation and the informal polite speech style in an informal situation. The plain speech style is spoken when a superior talks to an inferior in age or is used between close friends. The study of the informal polite speech style will be done first in this lesson and the other two speech styles will be introduced later.
   
  The informal polite speech style is most widely used in Korea. Speakers can use this style when they wish to talk politely, but informally, in any situation. The sentence ending which makes the informal polite speech style has three forms.
   
  (1) `아요' form :
This is used when the last vowel of the verb stem is 'ㅏ' or 'ㅗ'
   
 
알다 ; 알 +
  --> 알아요
좋다 ; 좋 +
  --> 좋아요
가다 ; 가 +
아요
--> 가아요 --> 가요(Contraction)
오다 ; 오 +
  --> 오아요 --> 와요(Contraction)
   
  (2) `어요' form :
This is used after any other last vowel of the verb stem except for the '아요' and '여요' cases.
   
 
있다 ; 있 +
  --> 있어요
먹다 ; 먹 +
어요
--> 먹어요
없다 ` 없 +
  --> 없어요
   
  (3) `여요' form :
This is used after a '하다` verb.
   
 
공부하다 ; 공부하 +
  --> 공부하여요 --> 공부해요(contraction)
좋아하다 : 좋아하 +
여요
--> 좋아하여요 --> 좋아해요(contraction)
노래하다 ; 노래하 +
  --> 노래하여요 --> 노래해요(contraction)
   
  ** The verb form like 알다, 가다, 오다 is called the infinitive form. The verb stem is made when '다' is omitted from the infinitive form and many verb forms are made by adding some patterns to this verb stem.
   
 

   
3. Making questions.'-아(어/여)요?'
  It is very simple to make an interrogative sentence in Korean. There is no subject-verb inversion as in English. You can make Yes/No question with rising intonation at the end of the sentence. For wh-questions, you should use interrogatives such as '어디(where)` and '뭐/무엇(what)`.
 

 
 
 
의자가 책상 옆에 있어요.
  There is a chair beside the desk.
 
의자가 책상 옆에 있어요?
  Is there a chair beside the desk?
 
의자가 어디에 있어요?
  Where is the chair?
 
이것은 맥주예요.
  This is beer.
 
이것은 맥주예요?
  Is this beer?
 
이게 뭐예요?
  What is this?
 

   
4. The marker 도 : also/too
   
  The marker '-도` means 'also' or 'too'. This can replace the subjective marker '-가/이', and the objective marker '-을/를`.
   
 
 
맥주가 있어요.
  There is some beer.
 
맥주도 있어요.
  There is some beer too.
 
나는 가요.
  I will go.
 
나도 가요.
  I will go, too.
 

   
5. The pattern '옆/ 앞 / 뒤 / 위 / 아래 + 에'
: beside/in fromt of/behind/on/under
   
  Words that indicate directions and locations. Combined with markers indicating location such as '에`, they are used for locations.
   
 
 
고양이가 책상 옆에 있어요.
  There is a cat beside the desk.
 
고양이가 책상 앞에 있어요.
  There is a cat in front of the desk.
 
고양이가 책상 뒤에 있어요.
  There is a cat behind the desk.
 
고양이가 책상 위에 있어요.
  There is a cat on the desk.
 
고양이가 책상 아래에 있어요.
  There is a cat under the desk.