The connective '-(아/어/여)서' : 'do something and do something'
'-(아/어/여)서' is used when the subject does one action first, and then does the second action in sequence.
예) 저는 집에 가서 저녁을 먹을 거예요. : I will go home (first), and then I will eat supper.
예) 만나서 이야기합시다. : Let's meet and talk.
The contractions of Indirect Discourse
The forms of the indirect discourse, such as '-ㄴ/는다고 해요,-(으)라고 해요, -자고 해요' etc., can be contracted into '-ㄴ/는대요, -(으)래요, -재요' in casual speech style. In the same way, the forms of '-ㄴ/는다고 했어요,-(으)라고 했어요, -자고 했어요' can be contracted into '-ㄴ/는댔어요, -(으)랬어요, -쟀어요'.
예) 안나 씨가 내일 등산을 간다고 해요/ 했어요. -> 안나 씨가 내일 등산을 간대요/ 간댔어요.
예) 안나 씨가 빨리 오라고 해요/ 했어요. -> 안나 씨가 빨리 오래요/ 오랬어요.
예) 안나 씨가 내일 등산 가자고 해요/ 했어요. -> 안나 씨가 내일 등산 가재요/ 가쟀어요.
The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 것으로 예상되다' :'- to be expected that it will be -'
In this pattern, the word '예상되다' means 'to be expected' in English, so this pattern is used for expressing the speaker's expectation of the events or action which will take place in the future.
예) 내일은 비가 올 것으로 예상됩니다. : It is expected to rain tomorrow.
예) 그분은 오시지 않을 것으로 예상됩니다. : It is expected that he won't come..
The connective -(으)면서 : 'while doing ...'
This connective '-(으)면서' has the same function with the connective '-는 동안에'. However this ending is used for indicating two simultaneous events which are done by the same person, while '-는 동안에' is used for two simultaneous actions performed by two different persons.
예) 신문을 읽으면서 음악을 들었어요. : While I read a newspaper, I also listened to music.
This connective '-면서' can be used when you combine two sentences which occurr continuously in indirect discourse.
예) 김영수: 지금 바빠요. 1시간 후에 전화하겠습니다.
-> 김영수 씨가 지금 바쁘다고 하면서 1시간 후에 전화하겠다고 해요/했어요.
Kim Young-Soo: I'm busy now. I will call you back one hour
later. -> Kim Young-Soo told me that he is busy now, and that he will
call me back one hour later.
The connective -(으)나 : but
You have already studied the connective '-지만' meaning 'but'. This connective '-(으)나' is interchangeable with this '-지만' without any difference in meaning. But in the casual and colloquial speech, '-지만' is preferred to '-(으)나'.
예) 학교에 일찍 갔으나 선생님을 만날 수 없었어요. I went to school early, but I couldn't meet the teacher.
예) 낮에는 더우나 밤에는 조금 시원해요. It is hot during the day, but it is cool at night.
the ending '-기'
The ending '-기' is used for making Nominative forms of the verb, attaching to the verb stem directly. This form is followed by the words of '쉽다(to be easy), 어렵다(to be difficult), 바라다(to hope/ desire), 원하다(to want)' etc., and these mean that 'it is easy/difficult, (I) want/desire that---'. As for the form of '-기(가) 쉽다', it is used for expressing the tendency and/or ease for doing something. '-가' can be dropped optionally.
예) 불고기는 만들기(가) 쉬워요. It is easy to cook Bulgogi.
예) 영어는 공부하기 어려워요. It is difficult to learn English.
예) 안나 씨가 일찍 오기를 바랍니다. I want Anna to come early.